![pelesis](/images/stories/pasidarykpats/pelesis.jpg)
Kaip susiformuoja kondensatas
Ore yra daug mažų vandens lašelių. Šių vandens lašelių kiekis ore priklauso nuo oro temperatūros – santykinis oro drėgnumas. Karštame ore gali būti daug daugiau drėgmės nei šaltame. Drėgmė atsiranda kvėpuojant, maudantis vonioje ar duše, ruošiant maistą ir atliekant kitus namų ruošos darbus.
Bet kokios temperatūros orui persisotinus drėgme, ši drėgmė nusės ant bet kokio paviršiaus, vėsesnio nei pats oras. Paviršiaus temperatūra, prie kurios taip atsitinka vadinama „rasos tašku“ (pavyzdžiui, butelis iš šaldytuvo iš karto aprasoja).
Jei taip atsitinka lauke, oras prisotintas drėgme tik prie žemės paviršiaus - šerkšnas arba rasa, jei storesnis oro sluoksnis – rūkas, jei šis oras kyla – debesys.Jei taip atsitinka namuose – vadinama kondensatu.
Kai tik drėgmės prisotintas šiltas oras prisiliečia prie vėsesnių paviršių – drėgmė kondensuojasi. Akivaizdžiai tai matosi ant vonios plytelių, stiklų – tačiau taip pat tai atsitinka ant dažytų lubų, sienų. Jei mes apšiltiname namą, ir jį šildome pakankamai, daugelis mano, kad taip neturėtų atsitikti...
Tačiau tai vis tiek atsitinka. Oro temperatūra pakils iki tokio lygio, kol atsiras vėsesnių paviršių – nebent jei mes išvėdinsime patalpas ir įleisime vėsesnio oro. Dėl šios priežasties vėdinimas būtinas visose gyvenamose patalpose bent kartą per dieną. Vėdindami kambarius, mes išvengsime besikaupiančios drėgmės ir pelėsių, tačiau kartais to nepakanka. Apžvelgsime plačiau kondensato kaupimosi problemas ir šalinimo būdus.
Kambariuose santykinis oro drėgnumas neturėtų viršyti 65 %. Tai pasiekiama balansuojant šildymą su vėdinimu. Matavimams atlikti reikėtų įsigyti drėgmamatį. Dažnai neįvertiname perteklinės drėgmės daromą žalą mūsų namams – ji gali pakenkti dažams, tapetams, netgi tinkui. Pelėsiai ypatingai mėgsta veistis ant tapetų – jei jau norite klijuoti sienas tapetais, rinkitės tokius, kurie būtų atsparūs pelėsiams. Perteklinė drėgmė taip pat gali įtakoti sienų „druskėjimą“ (po dažais matosi smulkūs nelygumai, dažai atšoksta) – tokiu atveju, prieš imantis remonto darbų, reikėtų panaudoti druskų neutralizatorių.
Dažniausiai kondensatas sudaro sąlygas veistis juodiems pelėsiams ant sienų bei lubų. Šie pelėsiai – kenksmingi sveikatai, ypač astma sergantiems. Prieš pradedant remonto darbus, reikėtų naudoti pelėsių valiklį, naikinantį pelėsio sporas.
Juodi pelėsiai – dažniausia kondensato pasekmė, tačiau gali atsirasti ir kitokių spalvų pelėsių ant medienos, kilimų, drabužių. Paveikslėlyje matyti, kaip kondensatas paveikė kambario kampą. Atkreipkite dėmesį, kad plesėiai veši šalčiausiame kambario kampe – abi sienos išorinės.
Kylanti drėgmė
Kaip rodo pavadinimas, drėgmė kyla iš žemės aukštyn, sverbiasi per mūro poras – tai vadinama kapiliariniu procesu. Pincipas labai panašus kaip ir gyvuose medžiuose – per netvarkingai išsidėsčiusias tuščias ertmes – mūro poras (medžiuose – vandens indai). Taip atsitinka, jei pažeidžiamas ruberoido sluoksnis skiriantis mūrą nuo pamatų arba tinkas sudaro tiltelį tarp pamatų ir mūro. Tai taip pat gali atsitikti ir namui per stipriai sėdant – pažeidžiamas barjerinis ruberoido sluoksnis.
Tokiu atveju būtina imtis tinkamų priemonių – dažniausiai panaudojama speciali chemija, kuria užpildoma drėkstanti sienos dalis. Šis darbas – tik profesionalams.
Besiskverbianti drėgmė.
Priežastis - santechniniai gedimai, kiauras stogas, statybininkų brokas ir pan. Rūsyje taip atsitinka, kai požeminio vandens lygis yra aukštas , o drenažas aplink namą nepadarytas arba neveikia kaip turėtų veikti. Taip pat būtina rūsio sienų hidroizoliacija iš lauko pusės. Pirmiausia, žinoma, išsiaiškinamos priežastys ir jos pašalinamos – drėgmės skverbimasis sustabdomas.
Praktiniai patarimai, kovojant prieš pelėsius:
- įsigykite ir naudokite drėgmamatį (palaikykite 55 – 65% santykinį oro drėgnumą – komfortiškiausia).
- panaudokite infra raudonųjų spindulių termometrą („termovizorių“), šaltų vietų paieškai (blogai apšiltintos ar drėgnos vietos). Šaltos vietos – pastato trūkumai, kuriuos reikia pašalinti.
- patikrinkite sienas ir grindis su drėgmės matuokliu – kad įsitikintumėte, ar nėra perteklinės drėgmės sienose. Atsiminkite, drėgnos sienos – šaltos sienos, kondensatas garantuotas.
- nuplaukite visus apipelijusius paviršius su antipelėsiniu valikliu.
- galite įpilti anti pelėsinio komponento į dažus, kuriais ruošiatės dažyti arba rinkitės antipelėsinius paruoštus dažus.
- galite įjungti drėgmės surinkėją – tuomet reikia visiškai uždaryti patalpos langus ir duris, ventiliacijos angas. Drėgmės surinkėjai ne tik ištraukia drėgmę, bet ir šildo patalpą.
Kiti patarimai:
- atitraukite baldus šiek tiek nuo sienų – kad oras galėtų laisvai cirkuliuoti po visą kambarį, vėdindamas ir sienas.
- Neperkraukite spintelių ir spintų daiktais – kad oras vėlgi galėtų laisvai cirkuliuoti;
- geriausia, jei centrinis šildymas reguliuojamas termostatiškai (ant radiatorių ar kambariuose – termostatiniai reguliatoriai);
- elektrinis skalbinių džiovintuvas turėtų būti pajungtas prie ventiliacijos;
- naudokitės ventiliatoriais virtuvėje ir vonioje (geriausia, jei ventiliatorius išsijungia automatiškai pagal drėgmės lygio daviklį);
- vėdinkite kambarius bent sykį per dieną;
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